The national interest definition has been evolving since centuries and was self-derived by societies, rulers, empires, and alliances to serve their best interests. The concept of national interest is very important in terms of international relations because it provides the data and material upon which foreign policy of a nation is defined and evolved. The national interest is a sovereign state’s set of goals and ambitions such as social development, health, education, economy, military industrial complex, national security etc. that needs to be considered by the government as ultimate targets. Elaborating a bit further, it refers to the claims, objectives, goals, demands and interests which a nation tries to preserve, protect, defend, and secure in relations with the comity of nations.
The national interest may have multiple ingredients depending upon the nation’s contemporary governance and social status such as national security, defense, overall prosperity, social wellbeing, etc. and a successful foreign policy is the reflection of all four above ingredients. While formulating foreign policy all stakeholders executing functions and statesmen are guided by their respective national interests.
It is the purpose of foreign policy to conduct foreign relations to achieve national interest to the maximum extent. The national interest of Pakistan may be defined and evolved based upon its existing contemporary challenges. The country has an obsolete governance system that is not functioning and hence the deliverance almost does not exist. Pakistan inherited governance problems since its creation due to multiple internal and external factors. These factors include wars with India, demise of the Founding Father only one year after independence, shortage of funds, Cold War era, bloc politics, delay in drafting the Constitution, inadequate governance machinery and political instability. The practical failures of all Pakistani governments to shape an effective Good Governance model along with its key ingredients and the absence of national interest definition as state policy, has resulted in the country moving in a directionless situation which is impacting negatively in terms of national security, economy, and foreign policy. Moving forward, the requirements of a national interest definition have dramatically changed in recent years over and beyond the traditional strategic thinking and international relations prism, involving some more areas like good governance, water and food security. A few key areas that must be considered as the collective wisdom that could be serving the national interest of Pakistan and the region at large are:
Strategic Self-Reliance: Self-reliant nations can bargain well in terms of preserving national interests and foreign policy, specifically, being self-reliant in defense and in military industrial complex. Pakistan must develop a mixed blend of economic model that covers sale of military hardware, tourism, agriculture, and regional connectivity projects for revenue generation. Pakistan has a strong military establishment and solid defence-related infrastructure along with an effective nuclear deterrence, so we must leverage this aspect for commercial gains.
Food security: For Pakistan, food security is a matter of national security as well. Pakistan needs to address food insecurity in both rural and urban areas via multi-sectoral intervention that should improve production, processing, transport, storage, and marketing. It also needs to make markets more accessible for both the producers and the consumers. It must develop local/rural based facilities and infrastructure to prevent urban growth. It includes basic life necessities, job opportunities along with basic health facilities. The expansion of residential societies must be curbed by required legislation as we have been observing the rapid spread of real estate business that resulted in uncontrolled residential societies. The land and real estate groups usually buy agriculture land at cheap rates and then develop residential landmarks – this in fact results in the squeezing of the agriculture farm lands, thereby creating a huge gap in terms of national self-sufficiency in the food sector.
Encourage the agriculture sector with planning and Research & Development; food related agriculture can be improved by demonstrating at least three technologies e.g. utilizing drone technology, calibration of spraying equipment, digitalization of pest monitoring and surveillance data and remote sensing. Also, to ensure applying international best practices to ensure safe and environmentally friendly management of locusts and other pests. Encourage vertical farming in addition to modernizing agriculture sector, etc. Pakistan is experiencing one of the worst impacts of climate change because of developed countries emitting greenhouse gases. It is good that Pakistan is raising this issue at the UN level, even then more emphasis is needed by the Pakistan government in order to get a fruitful monitory outcome.
Local Manufacturing: Social compliance, quality, and security are the three key issues that arise when assessing the challenges of manufacturing in Pakistan. A lack of transparency is the biggest contributor to the social compliance challenge when sourcing from Pakistan. With a low number of labor inspectors to enforce safety rules and labor codes, the working conditions can often be difficult across small manufacturing workshops.
Only factory audits conducted by international brands can enable some level of enforcement of safety and labor codes. Regardless, Pakistan must develop conditions to nourishlocal manufacturing since this could be the backbone for national security and in terms of contributing to the economy.
Evolve Maritime Blue Navy Doctrine: The naval doctrine must cover the Arabian Sea, the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea. The domination of Pakistani interest is supposed to be beyond its extended Exclusive Economic Zone. This domination of interest will further stretch when Pakistan-China joint naval forces will collaborate in the coming future for CPEC security matters covering a considerable part of the Indian Ocean. For example, Pakistan maintains very close ties with Sri Lanka it being imperative to keep Sri Lanka on her side while dealing with the Indian hegemony in the Indian Ocean.
Since India has negative ambitions towards CPEC and our EEZ, it is imperative for Pakistan to try and encircle India from every side possible in IOR with Chinese support. In this regard, in addition to Gwadar Port, Pakistan should start considering Jewani as an exclusive joint naval port with Chinese navy presence; hence this will control the choke points nearby and in turn control rouge Indian and Irani elements. Pakistan maintains close military ties with all Gulf States (GCC) like Saudi Arabia, UAE, Oman, Qatar and Bahrain. The energy needs for Pakistan are strongly associated with these states via the Strait of Hormuz along with other economic stakes.
Similarly, the holy cities of Mecca and Madinah are located near the shores of the Red Sea adjacent to Bab El Mandab. For Pakistan, the security of these two holy cities is the prime factor that dictates deeper defence ties with Saudi Arabia with special emphasis on military presence on-ground if such a time were to come.
Develop Blue economy: In Pakistan’s 290,000 Sq.km area of maritime influence, sea food is a precious resource with our fish production in the marine sector extending up to 35 nautical miles from the coast, it is nearly 70 percent while the remaining 30 percent are obtained from inland sector. There is no reliable data on the quantum of fish resource beyond the 35 nautical miles limit in the EEZ which is routinely transgressed by fishing trawlers from other countries. Pakistan is losing precious economic opportunities due to the absence of reliable fishery data across its EEZ and extended shelf. The trespassers who are equipped with latest technology for fish processing are taking huge benefit because of this capability gap.
Water security: Water security is the lifeline for Pakistan due to all rivers coming from Indian occupied territories. Pakistan is facing a water crisis, with a growing population and limited water resources; the country is estimated to have a water deficit of up to 40%. This has led to a lack of access to water for drinking and irrigation, resulting in food insecurity. A key way forward is mentioned below:
Integrate water management: The government needs to develop a comprehensive water management strategy and policy. This should involve the stakeholders in water management, including government departments, local authorities, and the private sector. The strategy should include regulations and guidelines for water resource management, as well as measures to promote public-private partnerships in water management.
Invest in water infrastructure: To ensure an adequate water supply, the government needs to invest in water storage and distribution infrastructure. This should include the construction of dams, reservoirs, canals, and other water management structures. In addition, existing infrastructure needs to be maintained and upgraded to ensure its efficient operation.
Improve water efficiency: To reduce water wastage, the government needs to promote efficient water use. This should include the introduction of water meters and other water-saving devices, as well as public awareness campaigns to promote water conservation.
Implement water-saving technologies: To reduce water wastage, the government needs to promote the use of water-saving technologies, such as drip irrigation and water harvesting systems.
Reuse and recycle water: To reduce the demand for fresh water, the government needs to promote the reuse and recycling of wastewater. This should include the treatment of wastewater and its use for irrigation and other non-potable purposes.
Improve water quality: To reduce pollution, the government needs to implement regulations and standards to protect and improve water quality. This should include the monitoring of surface and groundwater, as well as the enforcement of penalties for pollution.
Implement climate change adaptation measures: To reduce the impacts of climate change, the government needs to implement adaptation measures, such as early warning systems, water harvesting systems, and improved irrigation techniques.The Government of Pakistan has taken numerous steps to ensure the water security. The foremost action taken was the establishment of the Indus River System Authority (IRSA) in 1992, this agency is mandated to regulate and manage the distribution of the Indus River’s waters between the provinces of Pakistan. In addition, IRSA also allocates the water resources of the three western rivers which include the Indus, Jhelum and Chenab Rivers.
In addition to this, the government has also launched the ‘National Water Policy Framework’ in 2017. This policy seeks to improve the management of water resources. It aims to ensure the fair distribution of water and promote conservation and efficient use of the resources. The government has also taken various initiatives to reduce water wastage – this includes the installation of water metering systems in various cities, the promotion of rainwater harvesting, and repairing of the numerous leakages in the water supply networks. The government has also taken initiatives to improve the irrigation system in the country. This includes the launch of the ‘National Water Efficiency and Conservation Program’ which aims to reduce water losses in irrigation systems. It also includes the introduction of modern technologies such as drip irrigation and sprinkler systems. Pakistan will have to revolutionize its water supply systems and will have to sensitize its population regarding the level of water scarcity it faces.
The country needs drastic measures to deal with its water security issues. Pakistan needs to harness better technologies and newer sources to cater to its water needs. The effort for water security needs to be collaborated, government and public working hand in glove. Water is the currency of the future, conserving it should be a top priority.
Global North/South Pole politics, diaspora vs SCO/BRICS: Pakistan is in a challenging position when it comes to choosing between poles. From the date of its creation, Pakistan preferred to align with the Western bloc hence all commercial and defence related interests are strongly pegged with Western countries (5 eye nations). As the result of this bond, millions of Pakistanis are residing in western countries as diaspora. Pakistan’s major trade is pegged with western countries and Pakistan is also enjoying GSP (+) status. On the other hand, due to emergence of SCO and BRICS being in the region, Pakistan is also tilted towards SCO and BRICS bloc. The strategic interests of 5 eye nations and NATO may not seem to be aligned with the sovereignty of Pakistan.
The western strategic interest is aligned with India and focused on containment of China. Pakistan’s foreign policy is always influenced by western oriented thinking with strong interaction with NATO. Many historical examples can be given like the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan but the incident after 9/11 and consequent events compelled Pakistan to rethink its global engagement as far as dealing with the big powers is concerned.
The opportunity came through the Gwadar Port and CPEC that opened the doors for another power axis that is China and Russia. Moreover, Pakistan became a full SCO member recently giving a clear indication to the western bloc that Islamabad is responding to a strategic paradigm shift due to consequence of war on terror and unilateral expansionism. This club has been the potential centre for region al geopolitics as well as economic wellbeing under OBOR where Pakistan has the key status due to its flagship, the CPEC project. This bloc has huge potential to extend CPEC scope into Central Asian States, the Caucasus and deep into Russia. If Iran is added, it could involve the Caspian potential. The challenge is to benefit from such a power bloc into our economic wellbeing and geo-strategic gains, for example like the Kashmir issue. The challenge here is how to maintain fair relations with NATO countries, especially the United States – this enormous challenge requires an aggressive foreign policy and a very well-motivated Foreign Office staff.
The successful caliber in foreign policy terms is to keep relations with both blocs but having a predominant tilt towards the region. NATO and western countries have a lesser economic stake in Pakistan rather than expansionism. On the other hand, China is there with its full economic agenda. The best practice will be to use the pros and cons of both rival blocs and use them in the best interests of Pakistan.
Also keep in mind that fair practices and stand on principles will be the ultimate strength in the diplomacy world. This is an extremely challenging area and leadership wisdom is required when the situation arrives because diaspora and reliance on western trade could be used as an arm-twisting mechanism from the western bloc. This would be the time to identify national interest if Pakistan is forced to choose between the eastern or western bloc.
Curbing foreign intervention: Pakistan being in the western bloc from its creation, unfortunately has always been a soft target in terms of foreign intervention which is still present and even cultivating as time passes. The major 5 eye embassies and high commissions in Islamabad and consulates in major cities are actively involved in unusual intervention, induction, and injection. These diplomats must respect the norms of international relations when it comes to diplomatic activities and duties. In this regard, the major responsibility goes to the government and its departments who are responsible for implementing order in regards to foreign missions. Pakistan’s national interest is to curb extra ordinary freedom given to such diplomatic missions and make them comply with rules and regulations.
Visa requirements for Afghan Refugees: The time has come to put curbs on Afghan nationals and Afghan refugees who are mostly being used as a human resource, rather human fodder for adverse activities against Pakistan. They are carrying out businesses in every big city and are grouped like small Mafias in every financial and residential district of Pakistan. They use the bribe culture to get away with their crimes and are literally abusing the Pakistani Passport and National Identity Cards.
Afghan nationals own considerable real-estate in Pakistan and they are also engaged in smuggling and dollar manipulation. They have B-type currency exchange companies that is one of the main sources of dollar devaluation, as dollars are being smuggled to Afghanistan via these B-type Afghan exchange dealers. Pakistan decided to send illegal Afghan refugees back to Afghanistan and enforced strict visa regime around illegal presence in the country for all illegal foreign nationals. In this regard, no entry without visa at the Pakistan-Afghan border has been fully reinforced. This is one of Pakistan’s core national interests to control and regulate the Pak Afghan border to curb smuggling and other illegal activities.
Controlling Media is in the greater national interest. In normal practices, Media freedom Should be monitored via an effective regulatory authority yet in Pakistan, this freedom is sometimes noticed going against the national interest of the Nation. In the western world where freedom of speech is advertised, when it comes to core national interest, this freedom is curbed and no media outlet can go against the interest of the nation. Curbing the anti-state narrative on all forms of media, counter narrative groups must be created for handling any anti-Pakistan trend on social media. No harmful trend should be allowed to be transmitted/spread negative image under any external agenda.
Moreover, we must counter and keep a close eye on those media anchors who may ignite the situation by frequently switching their versions. It is to be noted that media groups and personnel are one of the key tools being used in such type of warfare. A sharp awareness campaign must be initiated to let the Pakistani nation know about the lethalness of 5th generation warfare in which all forms of media have played a key role. This is the warfare that was lately used for destroying Libya, Iraq, Syria and Yemen along with some pieces taken from the Yugoslavian model. In this warfare, a multi-pronged approach is used to destabilize a country with help from various forms of media, igniting regional and internal disputes, utilizing internal overt and covert proxies like the Balochistan Liberation Army BLA), TTP (and other religious/sectarian groups, etc.). Having said that, however, Pakistan is the only country that has defeated the 5th Gen-warfare elements and developed effective IBO procedures in this regard.
Governance: A country without an effective governance mechanism cannot progress, compete and grow in the comity of nations. Pakistan, unfortunately is the victim of bad governance since its creation. In the context of Governance and Pakistan’s national interests, the following three points are elaborated for demonstrating the criticality and relation between governance and national interest of Pakistan.
Good Governance: A Universal Imperative: Whether in developed or underdeveloped nations, the principles of good governance, including the rule of law are crucial for sustainable growth and societal well-being.
The Heartbeat of Prosperity: Good governance fosters a culture of reform, accountability and proactive decision-making, serving as the bedrock for a prosperous nation and a robust democracy.
Pakistan’s Path to Progress: By prioritizing honest leadership, accountability, and effective governance structures, Pakistan can unlock its true potential and pave the way for a brighter future. In a world marked by diverse political landscapes and varying levels of economic development, one thing remains constant: the significance of good governance in determining a nation’s prosperity. Regardless of whether a country including Pakistan, is considered developed or underdeveloped, the principles of good governance are indispensable for sustainable growth and well-being. Among these principles, the rule of law stands out as paramount.
Good governance is akin to the beating heart of a prosperous nation. It fosters a culture of reform, efficient implementation, proactive decision-making, just rewards for virtuous behaviour, a consistent rhythm of progress, and unwavering accountability. In countries where the model of good governance thrives, its impact on economic and social development is undeniable. It not only cultivates healthy and vocal societies but also strengthens the foundations of democracy.
Embracing the timeless adage that “Honesty is the best policy,” our primary objective is to establish an actionable governance model tailored to meet the needs of the people of Pakistan. This model aims to ensure effective governance at every level of government, from the grassroots to the highest echelons. Its applicability extends to all government institutions, their functions, and relevant stakeholders, encompassing units ranging from tehsils and districts to divisions, provinces, and the entire nation.
China Pakistan Economic Corridor & regional connectivity. Pakistan is located in the area where major geo strategic transformation is taking place rapidly due to many factors involving US India partnership in Indian ocean region (IOR), new emerging SCO bloc, Chinese led OBOR project in which CPEC is the critical part and rapidly magnifying independence movements in India. Moreover, the ongoing rift between GCC nations is an addition to the regional complexity which has impacted heavily on the region’s inter connectivity and the foreign policy. Due to these factors, it is clear that the region in which Pakistan is located will be subject to many conflicts in coming future due to power struggle between different power players and their subsequent economic and strategic interests.
Moreover, the emergence of Indian naval alliance with Australian, the USA and other Pacific navies is a notable factor for Pakistan’s policy makers and it must be responded with a solid plan and role recognition. Pakistan is building a vast network of road and power infrastructure through CPEC under OBOR vision with the help of China and this is utmost important for the economy and strategic interest of Pakistan, hence this becomes one of the vital national interests of Pakistan. Protecting this huge national interest, a reliable powerful navy is essential to sustain the uninterrupted trade activities.
In order to meet with these challenges, a number of steps have been taken and there is a great sense of realization amongst the leadership to strengthen the naval power. Pakistan’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is 240,000 Sq Km, with continental shelf extending a further 50,000 sq km. The area is rich in fishery, possibly hydrocarbons and seabed resources and Pakistan aspires to leverage the EEZ for socio economic development.
It is therefore, in Pakistan’s interest to see that the environment at sea is secure and stable to pursue legitimate interests unimpeded. Under OBOR Vision which adds new economic and strategic dimensions to the above-mentioned challenges, the strengthening ties between Pakistan and China through CPEC is also another dimension because China wants to safeguard its oil supply from the Middle East that was passing mainly through the Strait of Malacca which is mainly under Allied influence and can come under naval blockade in case of any high-level tensions between US and China.
So geo-political importance of CPEC is a critical factor for future Chinese engagement with Maritime security in Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean along with Pakistan Navy.
Pakistan’s National Interest Compliance and Challenges
Pakistan certainly has some institutions that continuously study, monitor, and watch the national interest of Pakistan whenever required to do. In this regard, some examples can be quoted where national interest was exhibited and demonstrated in its full essence.
• Pakistan did not involve itself in the 2015 Saudi-Yemen war, thereby serving the national interest
• Pakistan’s refusal in 2024 Maritime collation against Yemen, served its national interest.
• Pakistan’s nuclear program and the 1998 nuclear explosion were in national interest.
• Fighting terrorism and creating the National Action Plan was in the core national interest.
• The missile strike back on Iran on 18 Jan 2024 was in the national interest.
• National image perception and image building is the national interest.
• Protecting national assets and national symbols is the national interest of the nation. In this regard, the perpetrators of 9th May must be punished in grand national interest. The attacks on military cantonments are core treason. The main challenge comes when Pakistan must choose between commercial interest and the image or perception of the nation. For instance, if a fugitive is wanted and the host country refuses to return him and also threatens to cut diplomatic ties with cancellation of GSP + status, then it will be up to the leadership’s decision on what to choose. Commercial and diaspora related interests are limiting factors when it comes to bargaining with developed nations.
Conclusion
Defining the core national interest is in the greater benefit of nations. What happens if nations do not define the national interest along with lack of will, the ultimate consequences may include highly confused government functions, degraded performance, compromise on sovereignty, lower status in comity of nations, and internal/external vulnerability. In Pakistan’s context, the continuity of Pakistan vital life line in terms of water and food security, securing land and sea trade routes, local manufacturing, local body government system, effective governance, finding alternative banking channels, diaspora placements, and balance in pole politics are the key ingredients of its national interest.
In Pakistan, the ultimate national interest is to respect the Constitution of Pakistan and each function within the state must work as per defined parameters. In this way the final goal for a democratic and prosperous Pakistan will be achievable.
