Whose affair is [determined by] consultation among themselves (Quran 42:38)
Fulfil your oaths/pledge/covenant; any promise will be checked into (Quran 17:34)
And do not consume one another’s wealth unjustly (Quran 2:188)[1]
“Verily never will Allah change the condition of a people until they change it themselves (Quran: 13:11)
The ballot is stronger than the bullet. [Abraham Lincoln]
One thing I have learned in my time in politics is that if one of the parties is shameless, the other party cannot afford to be spineless. [Frank Lautenberg][2]
One of the penalties for refusing to participate in politics is that you end up being governed by your inferiors [Plato]
The darkest places in hell are reserved for those who maintain their neutrality in times of moral crisis [Dante Alighieri]
If you put the corrupt government in charge of the Sahara Desert, in 5 years there’d be a shortage of sand
Inflation is as violent as a mugger, as frightening as an armed robber and as deadly as a hit man [Ronald Reagan]
The Constitution of Pakistan Preamble
• Whereas sovereignty over the entire Universe belongs to Almighty Allah alone, and the authority to be exercised by the people of Pakistan within the limits prescribed by Him is a sacred trust.
• And whereas it is the will of the people of Pakistan to establish an order.
• Wherein the State shall exercise its powers and authority through the chosen representatives of the people;
• Wherein the principles of democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance and social justice, as enunciated by Islam, shall be fully observed.
Introduction
Pakistan was created by the Muslims of India through democratic struggle under the leadership of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Allama Iqbal, Liaquat Ali Khan and others, all civilians. The Generals (Ayub, Yahya, Zia) who later grabbed power through coups had no practical role in the creation of Pakistan, as they were serving in the British Indian Army. Even after 75 years of independence the economy is in shambles and people of Pakistan are in a miserable state. This is due to bad governance resulting from the lack of any permanent stable political system.
The Military which has ruled Pakistan, directly for 33 years and indirectly in most of the remaining period, is blamed for all the rot despite rendering great sacrifices and good works during its rule and in the national crisis. The civilian political leadership, barring a few, is blamed to be generally corrupt and incapable to govern. Britain set free the areas that make up Singapore, Malaysia, Burma, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. The recent per capita GDP of these countries stands at: Singapore $58,484; Malaysia $11,136; Sri Lanka $3,689; India $2,900; Bangladesh $2,064; Pakistan $1,388; and Myanmar $1,333. Pakistan and Myanmar (Burma) are at the bottom. What is common between the two?[3]
The role of the generals has been more pervasive and prolonged in Myanmar than any country in the region, including Pakistan, so they are one notch below Pakistan in the well-being index. Hence, the greater the involvement of the army in politics, the poorer the country. There is a need for retrospection; to identify future courses.
Quaid-e-Azam warned Military officers
The Quaid addressed military officers at Staff College Quetta in June 1948, in a speech he warned them to remain subservient to the civilian government. He recognized the importance of maintaining civilian control over the military. During his speech, Jinnah emphasised that the military’s primary role was to protect the country’s territorial integrity and to maintain law and order within its borders.
He also stressed that the military should remain neutral in political matters and should not interfere in the workings of the civilian government. His speech at Staff College Quetta is significant because it reflects his commitment to democratic principles and his belief in the importance of civilian control over the military.
Recognizing that a strong military was essential for the defence of the country, he also believed the military should be accountable to civilian authority and should not become a dominant force in the country’s politics. No one heeded his warning even after 75 years.
Early Political Entities
Before the emergence of the nation-state concept in the 19th century, different forms of political entities existed. These included:
• City-states: These were independent, self-governing city states that existed in ancient Greece and Italy, where each city-state had its own government, laws, and military.
• Empires: These were large multi-ethnic and multi-cultural political entities, such as the Roman Empire and the Ottoman Empire that were characterised by a centralised government and a hierarchical social order.
• Kingdoms and Principalities: These were feudal states with a monarch at the head who exercised authority over a defined territory and were often characterised by a feudal social order.
• Tribal societies: These were societies that were organised around clans or tribes, and were often characterised by a decentralised political structure.
Nation – State
The concept of the nation-state emerged during the 19th century as a result of a number of factors, including the rise of nationalism and the desire for self-determination among different ethnic and linguistic groups. The nation-state represented a new form of political entity that was based on the idea of a homogeneous nation, united by a common language, culture, and history, governing itself within a defined territory.
A nation-state is a political entity where a nation of people who share a common culture, language and history, governs itself within a defined territory. The concept of a nation-state originated in Europe during the 19th century, and it is now the most common form of state globally. A state is a political entity that exercises sovereignty over a defined territory and its population. It typically has a government that enforces laws and regulations and provides services to its citizens. Pakistan is an Islamic Democratic State, with the 1973 Constitution, that sovereignty belongs to Allah and no law can be made repugnant to the Quran and Sunnah. The minorities are granted freedom to practice their faith and equal rights.
Two Nation Theory
The Two-Nation Theory was a political idea that played a central role in the partition of India in 1947 leading to the creation of the independent states of India and Pakistan. The theory was based on the idea that Hindus and Muslims are two separate nations, and therefore could not live together as one country. According to this theory, Muslims were a distinct community with a unique culture, language, and way of life that differed from that of the Hindus. The theory argued that Muslims in India needed a separate homeland where they could govern themselves according to their own religious and cultural values.
The Two-Nation Theory was first proposed by the Muslim League, a political party that was formed in 1906 to represent the interests of Indian Muslims. The theory gained momentum during the 1930s and 1940s as the demand for a separate Muslim homeland grew stronger.
The theory was eventually accepted by the British colonial government which led to the partition of India in 1947. The Muslim-majority regions in the northwest and northeast of India became the new state of Pakistan, while the rest of India remained as a secular, democratic state with a Hindu majority.
However, the partition of India also resulted in significant violence and displacement, with millions of Hindus and Muslims being forced to migrate to their respective countries, leading to the loss of lives and causing lasting social, political, and economic consequences for both India and Pakistan. Pakistan was created by the Muslims of India through democratic struggle under the leadership of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
Islam and Nation State
The concept of a nation-state is based on the idea of a homogeneous nation that governs itself within a defined territory. In contrast, the Islamic concept of governance is based on the principles of the Quran and the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad (Pbuh). In Islam, the ideal form of government is one that is based on justice, equality, and the rule of law, regardless of ethnicity or nationality.
In an Islamic state, the primary source of law is the Quran, and the government is responsible for upholding Islamic values and principles in all aspects of society. The Islamic concept of governance is not based on the idea of a homogeneous nation, but rather on the idea of a community of believers who share a common faith and are guided by the teachings of Islam.
Additionally, the concept of a nation-state is often associated with the principle of sovereignty, where the state has supreme authority over its territory and its citizens. In Islam, however, sovereignty belongs to Allah, and the government is responsible for implementing His will in society.
Overall, the Islamic concept of governance differs from the nation-state concept in that it is based on the principles of Islam, rather than the idea of a homogeneous nation, and emphasises the importance of justice, equality, and the rule of law for all members of society.
Islam and Democracy
This is a topic of debate among Islamic scholars and communities. However, many Muslims globally support the idea of democracy and believe that it is compatible with Islamic principles. In Islam, the concept of Shura, which means consultation, is emphasised in several places in the Quran. The concept of Shura suggests that decision-making should be based on mutual consultation and collective deliberation among the community.
Many Muslim scholars argue that democracy is a form of government consistent with the principles of Shura as it allows citizens to participate in decision-making through free and fair elections and provides a mechanism for holding elected officials accountable. However, some scholars argue that certain aspects of democracy, such as the separation of religion and state may conflict with Islamic principles. Additionally, there are some who argue that democracy may not be the best form of government for all societies, and that other forms of governance may be more appropriate for certain contexts.
Overall, while there may be differing views on the compatibility of democracy with Islamic principles, many Muslims support democratic values and institutions and believe that they can be harmonised with the principles of Islam.
Pakistan – Autocratic or Democratic?
The founding fathers of Pakistan, particularly Muhammad Ali Jinnah, envisioned Pakistan to be a democratic state where all citizens would have equal rights and opportunities, regardless of religion or ethnicity. Jinnah believed that the new state should be a Muslim democracy, with a Constitution that guarantees individual freedom, rights and liberties. In Jinnah’s view, democracy was essential for the stability and development of Pakistan, and he believed that it was the only way to ensure that the interests of all citizens were represented and protected.
However, in the years following independence, Pakistan experienced a number of political upheavals, including military coups and periods of martial law which led to the erosion of democracy and the suppression of political freedom. While the founding fathers envisioned a democratic state, the reality of Pakistan’s political history has been marked by periods of both democracy and autocracy.
The Government
Government, on the other hand, refers to the individuals, institutions, and processes responsible for governing a state. It includes the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, as well as various administrative agencies.
The Social Contract
The social contract is a theory that explains the relationship between individuals and the government. It suggests that individuals give up some of their natural rights in exchange for protection and security provided by the government. The social contract is an implicit agreement between the citizens and the government, where citizens agree to follow laws and regulations enforced by the government, and in return the government provides for their welfare and safety. The social contract can be changed or revised through various means, such as constitutional amendments or revisions, legislative changes, and democratic elections. However, any changes to the social contract must be made through legitimate and democratic processes.
Social Contract
Constitution, the Piece of Paper
The social contract is the implicit agreement between citizens and the state in which citizens agree to give up some of their individual freedoms in exchange for the protection and benefits provided by the state. The state, in turn, is responsible for upholding the rights and interests of its citizens and providing for their basic needs and welfare. The citizens agree to follow the laws and regulations and in return, the state provides for their welfare and safety. The Constitution is a formal document that sets out the basic principles, rights, and rules that govern a country’s political system. In this sense, a Constitution can be seen as a manifestation of the social contract between the state and its citizens, outlining the rights and responsibilities of government and citizens.
When a person is born in a particular country or becomes a citizen of that country, they are automatically subject to the laws and regulations established by the state, which are based on the social contract and constitution.
Therefore, even though citizens do not sign the social contract or constitution, they are considered parties to it because they are bound by their provisions and benefit from the protections they offer.
This agreement is not necessarily a physical document (Britain doesn’t have a written constitution) that must be signed by each individual, but rather an understanding that is presumed to exist between the state and its citizens. In most modern democracies, citizens have the right to voice their dissent and advocate for changes to the constitution through legal means, such as voting or peaceful protest. These mechanisms allow citizens to influence the development and interpretation of the constitution over time. Every citizen is considered to be part of the social contract by virtue of citizenship or residency in that country.
In practice, however, the government is often the primary agent through which the state interacts with citizens and implements the policies and laws that uphold the social contract. Therefore, citizens should hold their governments accountable and ensure they are upholding the principles and values enshrined in the social contract and the constitution.[4]
Read more: https://bit.ly/SavePak
The Oath
While the social contract is an implicit agreement between citizens and the state, the oath of office is a formal declaration made by public officials, such as elected officials, judges, and law enforcement officers and military officers who pledge to uphold the constitution and carry out their duties faithfully and to the best of their abilities. By taking this oath, public officials are demonstrating their commitment to the principles and values enshrined in the constitution, which serves as the foundation of the legal system in their country.
It also demonstrates their willingness to be held accountable for their actions. Taking an oath of office also has legal implications, in many countries, the oath of office is a prerequisite for assuming public office, and failure to uphold the oath can result in removal from office or other disciplinary action. It is part of oath of the President, Prime Minister, Judges, Ministers, Members of Assemblies and others public office holders:[5]
“That I will preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan”
Oath – Members of the Armed Forces [Article 244]
To guard against military interference in political affairs, members of Armed Forces take following oath on commissioning:
I, __, do solemnly swear that I will bear true faith and allegiance to Pakistan and uphold the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan which embodies the will of the people, that I will not engage myself in any political activities whatsoever and that I will honestly and faithfully serve Pakistan in the Pakistan Army (or Navy or Air Force) as required by and under the law.[6]
The Objective Resolution
The Objective Resolution is a constitutional document that was passed by the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan on March 12, 1949. It is considered as one of the foundational documents of Pakistan’s constitutional history and lays down the basic principles and values of the country. The Objective Resolution declares that sovereignty over the entire universe belongs to Allah Almighty and that the authority to be exercised by the people of Pakistan within the limits prescribed by Him is a sacred trust. It also affirms that the principles of democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance, and social justice, as enunciated by Islam, shall be fully observed. The Objective Resolution further recognizes the fundamental rights of citizens and pledges to secure to all citizens, regardless of their religion, caste, or creed, equal rights and opportunities. It also seeks to promote the welfare of the people and to ensure a just and humane social order. The Objective Resolution has been widely regarded as an important statement of Pakistan’s national objectives and aspirations. It has been cited by courts as a guiding principle in interpreting the constitution, and has played an influential role in shaping Pakistan’s political and legal landscape.
The Constitution of Pakistan
The Constitution of Pakistan is a legal document that outlines the fundamental rights, principles, and governance structure of the country. Here are ten important points of the Constitution of Pakistan:
• The Constitution of Pakistan was adopted on August 14, 1973 and provides for a federal parliamentary form of government.
• According to the Constitution, no law can be made that is repugnant to the Quran and Sunnah. Article 2 of the constitution states that Islam is the state religion of Pakistan, and that all laws shall be brought into conformity with the Quran and Sunnah. Furthermore, Article 227 of the constitution provides that all existing laws shall be brought into conformity with the injunctions of Islam as laid down in the Quran and Sunnah, and that no law shall be enacted which is contrary to such injunctions.
• Therefore, while the Constitution of Pakistan provides for the possibility of legislation that is not directly based on the Quran and Sunnah, such legislation must be consistent with the principles and values of Islam as laid down in these sources. In practice, this has meant that the legal system in Pakistan is heavily influenced by Islamic law, with many laws and legal procedures being based on Islamic principles and values. be consistent with the principles and values of Islam as laid down in these sources. In practice, this has meant that the legal system in Pakistan is heavily influenced by Islamic law, with many laws and legal procedures being based on Islamic principles and values.
• Provides for a bicameral legislature consisting of the National Assembly and the Senate.
• The Constitution of Pakistan guarantees fundamental rights to all citizens, including the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
• Provides for an independent judiciary and the right to a fair trial.
• Establishes the office of the President as the head of state, and the office of the Prime Minister as the head of government.
• Provides for a federal system of government, with the provinces having significant autonomy in matters of governance.
• Establishes the principles of social and economic justice, including the right to education, health, and employment.
• Provides for the protection of minorities and the promotion of interfaith harmony
• Provides for a bicameral legislature consisting of the National Assembly and the Senate.
• The Constitution of Pakistan guarantees fundamental rights to all citizens, including the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
• Provides for an independent judiciary and the right to a fair trial.
• Establishes the office of the President as the head of state, and the office of the Prime Minister as the head of government.
• Provides for a federal system of government, with the provinces having significant autonomy in matters of governance.
• Establishes the principles of social and economic justice, including the right to education, health, and employment.
• Provides for the protection of minorities and the promotion of interfaith harmony.
Paigham-e-Pakistan
The Paigham-e-Pakistan[7] edict (fatwa) was issued in 2018 by a group of over 1,800 Islamic scholars from different schools of thought in Pakistan, endorsed by thousands of scholars. The edict is meant to counter extremism and promote peace and tolerance.
One of the key points is that the Constitution of Pakistan is based on Islamic principles and values, and it should be upheld and respected by all citizens of Pakistan. The edict also declares that anyone who takes up arms against the state or its security forces is a terrorist and should be dealt with accordingly. The Paigham-e-Pakistan edict has been praised by some as a significant step towards promoting a more moderate and peaceful version of Islam in Pakistan. Anyone who does not feel satisfied regarding the Islamization process can struggle peacefully. There is no bar to establish a political party, pressure or study group and make a strong case logically.
War Against Terrorism
The terrorists do not accept the Constitution of Pakistan as Islamic and launched a war of terror. Pakistan is still fighting terrorism and the Pakistan Army has played a crucial role in this effort, suffering over 84,000 fatalities, which include military and civilians in terrorist-related incidents[8]. The direct and indirect cost incurred by Pakistan amounted to US$ 123.13 billion, equivalent to Rs. 10,373.93 billion.[9] Pakistan has offered many concessions within the framework of the Constitution but all in vain.
Quran on Ordained to Fulfill Commitment, Covenant
Remaining loyal to the Constitution of Pakistan and protecting it is an oath taken by all important government functionaries including Chief of Army Staff. In Islam, the importance of honouring (عَهْد) pledge, commitment, and contracts is emphasised in both the Quran and Hadith. Muslims are commanded to fulfil their covenants, agreements and contracts, as it is considered an essential aspect of their faith and a means to establish trust and justice in society.
The Quran repeatedly emphasises the importance of fulfilling contracts and agreements, as shown in the following verses:
“And fulfill [every] commitment (covenant, promise). Indeed, the commitment is ever [that about which one will be] questioned”. (Quran 17:34)
“O you who have believed, fulfill [all] contracts.” (Quran 5:1) “Honour your contracts.” (Quran 23:8)
Similarly, in the Hadith, Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) emphasised the importance of fulfilling contracts and agreements. The following Hadith demonstrates the significance of upholding contracts:
“The signs of the hypocrite are three: when he speaks, he lies; when he makes a promise, he breaks it; and when he is entrusted with something, he betrays that trust.” (Sahih Bukhari)
Additionally, the Prophet (Pbuh) also stressed that contracts and agreements should be upheld even if it means going against one’s personal interests:
“Whoever enters into a contract or agreement and then finds something better than that, he should still fulfill his contract or agreement, and he should cancel the thing that is better, and then make his intentions sincere.” (Sunan Ibn Majah)
In short, Islam places great importance on the fulfillment of commitments, contracts and agreements, and it is considered an integral aspect of faith and a means to establish justice and trust in society. Muslims are commanded to honour their commitments and contracts, even if it means going against their personal interests. How conveniently people violate their oath of office and yet claim their patriotism?
Hybrid Legal System
The legal system of Pakistan is a hybrid system that incorporates elements of both Islamic law (Sharia) and Western law (common law and civil law). Pakistan inherited its legal system from the British colonial period during which time the British introduced the common law system to India, which at the time included what is now Pakistan.
The Constitution of Pakistan provides for the application of Islamic law in matters of personal status, such as marriage, divorce and inheritance, while other areas of law, such as criminal law and commercial law are largely based on common law and civil law principles. Pakistan’s legal system includes a hierarchy of courts, with the Supreme Court at the top, followed by High Courts, District Courts, and lower courts. The Supreme Court of Pakistan is the highest appellate court in the country, and it is responsible for interpreting the Constitution and ensuring that all laws are consistent with it. While Pakistan’s legal system is based on a mix of Western and Islamic legal principles, in practice the application of Islamic law has been a subject of controversy and debate. Some groups in Pakistan advocate for a more strict application of Islamic law while others argue for greater adherence to Western legal principles. Recently Riba (Usury) was outlawed by the Federal Shariat Court.
Violation of Constitution Implications
The implications of violating the social contract or the Constitution can vary depending on the nature and severity of the violation. Generally speaking, such violations can result in a range of negative consequences, including legal, political, social, and economic consequences.
If a government or authority violates the social contract or the constitution, it may lead to a loss of legitimacy, as citizens may no longer see the government as a legitimate authority that can be trusted to act in their best interests. This loss of trust can lead to political instability, protests, and even social unrest. In terms of legal consequences, violations of the constitution can result in lawsuits or legal challenges that may lead to court rulings, fines, or even criminal charges. Violations of the social contract can lead to breaches of contract, which may result in civil lawsuits and monetary damages.
Economically, violations of the social contract or the constitution can have negative consequences on businesses and investors, as they may view the country as unstable or risky, leading to a loss of confidence and reduced investment. Overall, the implications of violating the social contract or the constitution can be significant and far-reaching, with potential consequences affecting all aspects of society.
Illegitimate Government
If the government does not adhere to the social contract, it may not be considered legitimate by citizens. In such cases, citizens may seek to change the government through peaceful and democratic means, such as protests, petitions, or elections. If these efforts fail, citizens may resort to more drastic measures, such as civil disobedience or revolution.
Hybrid Rule
The politicians claim to have limited powers being controlled by the military. This hybrid system is unconstitutional, power without responsibility and accountability is dictatorship not democracy. The perception of deep state is evolved through, military Influence, intelligence agencies, corruption and existence of Informal networks[10]. It may be more productive for the military to focus on strengthening its democratic institutions, improving governance and transparency, and respecting the rights of all citizens and political dissidents. This can help to build a more stable, inclusive, and prosperous society where the rule of law and democratic principles are respected and upheld.[11]
A General Honoured not cursed
In a state where democracy is in its infancy, the General (Chief of Army) who has power and influence can play an important role to strengthen democratic institutions and governance. George Washington was a military man (General) and is often referred to as the “Father of His Country” due to his role in leading the Continental Army to victory during the American Revolution. As President, he established many important precedents, including 1) Two-term limit, 2) Creation of a strong executive branch, and 3) Use of the title “Mr. President.” Washington set an important precedent from a) The peaceful transfer of power from military to civilian authority, b) Establishing the principle of civilian control of the military that remains a cornerstone of American democracy today. The nation named the Capital after him, his picture on $ bill is now an international currency. The Generals who work for the national interest are honoured, while others are cursed and the dustbin of history is full of such selfish corrupt generals.[12]
The unique political environment of Pakistan demands some special arrangements initially. The President of Pakistan is elected through a much bigger college comprising Senate and all assemblies including Provincial Assemblies. Thus the office of President can be given a balancing role. In Iran, the Supreme Leader holds the highest position of authority, presiding over a network of advisers and officials who support and advise him on matters of national policy, some lead can be taken.
Conclusion
Civil Leadership: While the Military is blamed for all evils, the civilian leadership has also proven its incompetence through corruption and weak governance. Successive civilian governments could not deliver basic services such as education, healthcare, and infrastructure leading to dissatisfaction among the population. The political parties have not been able to develop democratic political culture and are being centred around a few families or mafias, this can be attributed to several factors, including historical, cultural, and structural reasons, some are:
Political dynasties: Many political families have established political dynasties, with political power being passed down from one generation to the next. This has created a concentration of power and influence in the hands of a few families and has limited the ability of other individuals and parties to gain traction in the political arena.
Lack of democratic institutions: Pakistan’s history of military coups has weakened democratic institutions leading to concentration of power in the hands of the military and political elites. New political actors find it difficult to emerge and challenge them.
Patronage politics: The political culture in Pakistan is characterised by patronage politics, where politicians use their power and influence to distribute resources and favours to their supporters.
Wealth and resources: Many of the established political families in Pakistan are also the wealthiest families and have access to vast resources, they use their wealth to influence political outcomes and maintain their grip on power.
Role of Military
• Addressing military officers at Staff College Quetta in June 1948 the Quaid emphasised:
• The military’s primary role was to protect the country’s territorial integrity and to maintain law and order within its borders.
• A strong military was essential for the defence of the country, but he also believed that the military should be accountable to civilian authority and should not become a dominant force in the country’s politics.
• He also stressed that the military should remain neutral in political matters and should not interfere in the workings of the civilian government.
This speech is significant because it reflects his commitment to democratic principles and his belief in the importance of civilian control over military. Unfortunately this was totally ignored and just after 24 years of independence, half of Pakistan was lost but we still did not learn any lesson.
Transition to Democracy
Rule of law by adherence to the Constitution of Pakistan is the only way. Luckily the required structure and parameters already exist. The transition from the present to the constitutional democratic system has to be smooth, any abrupt change will be counterproductive. The political leadership and true democratic culture has to be nourished and developed by the people. The democratic process starts from the political parties, not dynasties. An independent judiciary will play a significant role.
Linkshttps://SalaamOne.com/fix-pak
3. https://bit.ly/DawnOfPakistan
[1] https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/17/34/default.htm, https://salaamone.com/quran-nations
[2] https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/frank_lautenberg_175453
[3] https://www.dawn.com/news/1744749, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita
[5] https://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/schedules/schedule3.html
[6] https://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/schedules/schedule3.html
[7] https://paighampakistan.wordpress.com/introduction/unanimous-fatwa/
[8] South Asia Terrorism Portal, a database maintained by the Institute for Conflict Management, from 2000 to 2021
[9] https://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_17/Annex_IV_War.pdf
[10] https://SalaamOne.com/Milpolitik
[12] https://pakistan-posts.blogspot.com/2022/12/SavePakistan.html
