Introduction
Since my childhood, each year on the 11th Rabius Sani, I have been attending the proceedings of the death anniversary of Hazrat Ghaus-E-Azam Sheikh Syed Abdul Qadir Gilani (Jilani) Rehmat Ullah Aleh (RA), The Sultan of Saints, the Royal Falcon of mystic way. The proceedings invariably commenced with TILAWAT, reciting of Darood Sharif and few Nats in the praise of the Holy Prophet (Pbuh) held in the courtyard of our house.
My late grandfather often presided and before offering Fateha some learned elders would narrate a few events of the life of the Sultan of Saints and teachings. Later food and alms was distributed among the poor.
After the death of my grandfather my mother continued to offer Fateha with depth and fervor of her devotion. The ladies enclosure was always separate. I am proud to be a Gilani (Jilani), a descendant of the Sultan of Saints. I have studied many books about his life, teachings, visits to various places, homage by great Saints and charismatic miracles (Karamat – whereas only Prophets had been blessed with miracles – Mujizats).
Often even well-read people (friends and colleagues etc.) would ask the difference between Jilani and Gilani. The real name is Gilani, situated in the south of Caspian Sea – Iran. In Arabic ‘G’ (GAFF) is inserted with JEEM, therefore in the Arabic speaking would world it is called JILANI. The Sultan of Saints was born I GILAN.
In this article effort has been made to narrate, briefly, the following salient events pertaining to the fascinating personality of the Sultan of Saints Hazrat Ghaus-E-Azam Sheikh Syed Abdul Qadir Gilani (Jilani) Rehmat Ullah Aleh (RA).
- Parentage
- Birth
- Journey to Baghdad
- Spiritual Guides
- Homage by the great Saints
- Teaching
- Karamat
- Traits and Habits
- Passing away
- Reality of Giarhavin Sherief
Parentage
Hazrat ABU SALIH JANGI DOST, father of Sheikh Syed Abdul Qadir Gilani (Jilani), was descendant in direct line of Hazrat IMAM HASSAN (11th inline). His mother Syeda Fatima Ummul Khair was descendant of Hazrat Imam Hussain. He is therefore Hassan and Hussani Syed and progeny of the Holy Prophet (Pbuh).
Sheikh Abdullah Sumi was the maternal grandfather of Ghaus-E-Azam an accomplished saint and prominent for his piety, lived in Jilan. Hazrat Abu Salih was a native of Naif in the district of Gilan south of the Caspian Sea. He was God fearing, seeker of truth and fond of fighting against the infidels. He was a man of courage and would not hesitate to publically condemn the wrong doings of even the Caliph in power. One day he saw a few servants of the Caliph carrying pitchers full of wine on their heads. He broke all the pitchers but no one dared to intervene on account of his extreme respect in the society. He was summoned in the court and when asked by the Caliph as to why he had broken the pitchers? He replied “I am Muntasib, it is my duty to execute divine laws”. The Caliph asked “who appointed you Muntasib”? Abu Salah boldly replied, The Lord who appointed you Caliph, taking pity on you and to liberate you from humiliation in the word and hell fire I broke the pitches. The Caliph immediately appointed him as the Muhtasib, and from that day he was called “Jangi Dost”.
One day while sitting on the bank of a river in the pursuit of divine light he saw an apple floating down the current. He had not taken any thing for several days, he picked the apple, ate it but immediately his conscience pricked as he had eaten the apple without permission of the owner. He got up and walked up-stream in order to trace the owner of the apple. He reached an orchard where he saw apple trees hanging over the river. He deducted that the apple he had eaten must have fallen from same tree. His inquiry took him to Hazrat Abdullah Sumi and begged his forgiveness for having eaten the apple without his permission. During conversation it was revealed that the boy was a descendant of Hazrat Imam Hassan and perceived that he was extraordinary virtuous and a seeker of truth. He said “I am ready to forgive if you agree to work in my orchard for twelve years”.
The young man accepted the condition. After the completion of the period he asked for permission to leave. Hazrat Sumi said “I shall forgive you but you will have to marry my daughter who is blind, deaf, dumb and crippled”. The young man agreed and the marriage took place. At night he entered the chamber of the bride, he was surprised to see an extremely beautiful and flawless woman, having no sign of disability on her. In confusion he left the chamber thinking that he had entered the wrong chamber. The next morning he went to see Hazrat Sumi. Upon seeing him, Hazrat Sami understood this man’s predicament regarding his bride. He called him, and explained to him the reasons behind his claims. Hazrat Sumi stated that my daughter was blind because she had never seen any man with whom she could be married, she was deaf because she had never paid any attention to falsehood, she was told to be paralytic because she had never touched any unlawful thing, she was told to be lame as she had never stepped towards any unjust act. Hearing Hazrat Sumi, Syed Hazrat Abu Salih Jangi Dost felt spiritually enlightened. Her name was Ummul Fatima.
Birth
It is said that Hazrat Abu Salih saw the Holy Prophet (Pbuh) at the night of Ghaus-e-Azam’s birth in a dream, along with the companions present in his house. The Holy Prophet (Pbuh) said, “O Abu Salih, Allah has bestowed a son to you who is my son. His rank amongst the saints is like that of mine amongst the Prophets and Messengers.” The night in which Ghaus-e-Azam was born all the women of Jilan gave birth to eleven hundred male, all of whom turned Auliya. In the middle of his shoulders a sign of foot print of the Holy Prophet (Pbuh) was visible. He was born during 470 AH (1077-78 C.E), in the holy month of Ramadan and according to his illustrious mother, never sucked during fasting hours.
According to some, eminent saints like Imam Hassan Askari, Hazrat Junaid Baghdadi, Hazrat Mansur Btahie, Shaikh Abu Baker-Bin-Harrar, Shaikh Mohammad Shambky and some other, had predicted the advent of Hazrat Abdul Qadir Jilani (Gilani) during 5 century B.H, who would be the chief of all the Qutb’s of the world. His foot would be on the neck of all the foremost and later saints, meaning his rank would be the highest amongst the saints.
At the age of one year, his father died, therefore his basic religion education was imparted under the care of his mother and maternal grandfather Hazrat Sumi who showered all the love, affection and spiritual blessings on him. But when Hazrat Sumi died, he was left alone with his mother. When he was 5 years old, his mother sent him to a local school in Jilan, where he completed his basic education in religious sciences. Allah had endowed him with extraordinary brilliance, insight, refined disposition and excellent memory. He memorized the Holy Qur’an at a very young age at his native school in Jilan.
Journey to Baghdad
Thirst for Knowledge was raging in his heart. He requested his mother to allow him to go to Baghdad which was in those days world famous as a Centre of learning for higher education. The aged mother (according to historians she was 60 years old when she had given birth to Abdul Qadir which is considered past the child bearing age), with a heavy heart, tears in her eyes and broken voice, accorded permission to her son to embark upon journey for higher studies. The mother advised him to observe strictly the following instructions:
- Always speak the truth come what may
- Obey Almighty’s commands
- Abstain from unlawful and forbidden acts
- Always be pleased with the divine decree. The mother had at that moment 80 dinars left by her husband for Abdul Qadir and his brother. Abdul Qadir took 40 Dinars and left 40 for his brother. His mother sewed 40 dinars into the armpit of garment, with trembling hands she embraced her son and kissed his forehead and said, “I entrust you in the protection of the Great Protector who will protect you good. I separate myself from that which is dearest to me for Allah’s sake.”
Abdul Qadir joined a trading caravan destined for Baghdad. But near Hamdan, a band of 60 robbers attacked the caravan, looted their belongings, money and whatever they had been carrying. No one came near the Ghaus-e-Azam, thinking that the boy was penniless. One robber asked him if he had anything. The boy gave a fearless answer that he had 40 dinars sewed into his garment, but the robber thought it to be a joke. A few more robbers came and enquired but Ghaus-e-Azam gave them the same reply. They reported the matter to their chief named Ahmad Alafi, who summoned the boy who gave the same reply and indicated the place where the 40 dinars had been sewed. The garment was cut open and dinars were found. All the robbers were amazed at the courage and truthfulness of the young boy. The chief asked what made him tell the truth. The young boy replied’ “My mother had advised me to speak the truth whatever circumstances confront me, I cannot disobey her advice.” This reply shocked the chief that tears came into his eyes. He said’ “You have not disobeyed your mother but I have been breaking the commands of Allah all my life.” He instantly vowed to give up banditry, returned all the belongings to the travelers and all of them became true Muslims. This incident is clear Karamat of Ghaus-e-Azam at the school going age.
After travelling nearly 400 miles of dangerous journey, he reached Baghdad during 488 AH (1098 CE). It was the capital of Abbasid Caliphate and a great centre for learning. Here he was a complete stranger, was left with little amount utterly insufficient to meet his needs. The state was not paying any grants to the institutions therefore every student had to make personal effort to earn his living and bear expenses for his education. For higher education at Jamia he experienced unending hardship. He had no money for his needs. He never stretched his hand to anyone for help. During bitter hardships he would lie on the ground facing the heaven and recited: “So, verily every difficulty, there is relief; Verily, with every difficulty there is relief.”
By reciting the above verse his sufferings would diminish. As a student of Fiqh he often went to a jungle, for hours walked on thorny and stony ground to test his determination. He used to eat the vegetables grown on the bank of the river Tigris.
Once the fellow students urged him to go with them to see a great scholar Sharif Yaqoobi. The nobleman cast a spiritual glance at him. His eyes revealed to him the personality of Ghaus-e-Azam. He said’ “Seekers of truth and pious people never beg, they do not stretch hands before anyone. You are specially graced and favored by the most Gracious.” These words left a deep impact and he immediately withdrew from the company of other students who had gone to collect charity from a rich landlord. Also, he never allowed his students to beg from others.
While roaming into deserted area, he saw the ruins of old palaces where he found seventy saintly persons hungry and searching for something to eat. Without disturbing them he returned to Baghdad. On the way he met a stranger who belonged to his area who gave him a piece of gold saying that his mother had sent this for him. He immediately went back to the ruins, kept a small sum for himself and distributed the rest amongst the hungry saints.
Weeks and weeks passed and Ghaus-e-Azam would stay in deserted areas for studying his lessons. During the famine in Baghdad he was hungry and penniless, in this state he went to the river Tigris to pick up some vegetables thrown as garbage by the people. He found many people there, searching for food but he did not interfere in their search and came back to Bagdad in extreme hunger and entered a mosque and sat in a corner. In the meantime a young man entered carrying bread and roasted meat and started eating. On seeing the weak condition of Ghaus-e-Azam, the man offered him to take some food, but he refused the offer. The stranger however persisted for him to accept his offer. During conversation, Ghaus-e-Azam disclosed his identity. The young man became perturbed. He said, “Your mother had given me eight dinars to hand over to you, but for a number of days I could not trace you. During this period my money was spent, as I had no food for two days and to save my life I bought food with your money. I am sorry and seek your forgiveness. This is your food and the balance of your money.” On hearing his explanation, Ghaus-e-Azam consoled him, pardoned him, kept two dinars for himself and advised the stranger to keep the balance to meet expenses of the journey and food.
Spiritual Guides
During his stay in Baghdad, the Ghaus-e-Azam used to see the saints and holy men in order to gain divine knowledge and blessings of their company. He met Hazrat Hammad Al-Dabbas who recognized Ghaus-e-Azam and cast a glance of love and affection which created unbreakable spiritual light in him. Sheikh Hammad was always kind to discuss mystical problems and solutions.
Soon the Ghaus-e-Azam got admission for higher education at some prestigious institutions. He got admission at the jamiah of Shaikh Abu Saeed Mubarak Bin Ali Makhzoomi in Baghdad. There were several eminent scholars in this school. He had already memorized the holy Qur’an. He studied Fiqh (Islamic Laws), Tafseer (Hadith) under Abu Qasim Ali and Abu Zakariya yahya Tabrizi, Principal of Jamia Nizamia and writer of many books. There were 14 other eminent scholars under whom he had studied.
At the time of his graduation from the Jamiah the certificate included the following citation.
“Ye Abdul Qadir we hereby confer upon you the degree in all kinds of knowledge acquired by you. You are a genius and your capability of understanding the subject was so excellent that on several occasions we ourselves were benefitted by your interpretation of Hadith.”
He had taken nine years from 488 A.H to 496 A.H at the Jamiah of Abu Saeed to complete University Education. Abu Saeed appointed him as a teacher in his Jamiah and finally handed over the institution to his care before his death in 513 A.H.
He had great respect for all the great Muslim jurists. He was made guardian of the tomb of Hazrat Imam Abu Hanifa for some time. For him it had become a daily routine to issue Fatwas. There used to be several clerks to deal with his work as day after day he received legal questions from all parts of the Muslim world. All the famous scholars and jurists would wonder at the speed and ease by which Ghaus-e-Azam would give his decisions in the legal matters.
Various Titles of The Ghaus-E-Azam
His name was Abdul Qadir, his nickname was Abu Muhammad. Later he gained the title of Muhiyuddin – that is the receiver of religion. His other titles are Sultan of Saints, Hazrat Qutb-Al-Aqtab, Syed-Us-Sadat, Qutb-Al-Wajoo, Pir-Piran, Mir-Miran, Shaikh Al-Syed Muhiyuddin Samdani, Abu Muhammad Abdul Qadir Jilani, Al Hasani, Wal hussani, Al Baghdadi.
Note:- Bibliography will be mentioned in the end of Part II of the Article.
